by Raymond Alexander Kukkee © Oct 10 2020
Is this Petrified Bone A New Discovery?
Is this petrified bone a new discovery? Could it be proof of a new species? Umm…probably not, but it is always a pleasant surprise to stumble across something new. Something snatched from the ancient earth, an artifact from the past, one perhaps never seen by modern human eyes. What are the odds? Perhaps one in a million?
How about odds of a casual, relaxing walk along a forest trail resulting in an astonishing find? The accidental spotting of an ancient bone. How old might it be? Could it be a new discovery?
A petrified bone with soil removed Found in NW Ontario Photo 2020© by r.a. kukkee
Species: Unknown
Never have any strange bone specimens, petrified, fossilized or not, ever been discovered . At least not by this author/writer/blogger/explorer. In over 40 years of prospecting, digging in rock piles, dirt, gravel and forest detritus. Even with a lifetime of reasonable knowledge, endless curiosity, and memory of observed skeletons of wild and domestic animals. We have never seen the like. At least not in processing of meat including boning and sectioning of animal carcasses as a hunter, or a lifetime of farming. A find of similar pieces of bone, has never occurred, much less a specimen appearing to be totally altered, preserved, or petrified.

The Petrified bone was partially buried, when discovered. Perhaps it was partially exposed by the action of running water or disinterred physically many decades ago. Photo 2020© by r.a.kukkee
Dimensions, Details & Potential Identifiers for the Interested…
Location and Presentation of the Specimen When Discovered
The bone specimen was found *west of Thunder Bay in Marks Township. It was partially buried in undisturbed, hard loam/clay/silt soil of NW Ontario and retrieved in August, 2020. The heavy, coloured bottom side was covered with soil, but the curved (concave) side was faced up, partially exposed to the elements.
It is speculated the top of the sample had been exposed to weather, a local micro climate, sun, rainfall and weather events, perhaps for decades. Accumulated dirt, minimal soil/ lichen growth were noted on the top surface when found. Damp soil, moss and lichens were carefully rubbed off when dry, but the sample was not ‘cleaned’ or washed.
Colour
The exposed top surfaces are pale, likely bleached by the elements The still-intact joint(end) surfaces were notably grey-white to pale green and intact.
The apparently-buried, opposing underside is slightly variable in colour, typical glossy pale to unbleached bronze-brown typical of old bone.
History of the Location
Knowledge of the history of the location of the specimen suggests that the bone —at one time— may have been accidentally disinterred from its original location, perhaps once completely buried.
It may have been partially exposed to weather for as much as a century or as few as 3 or 4 decades. It may have been washed out from deeper soil by a known, decades-old major rainfall event, or otherwise exposed along with stones, windfall branches, bits of decayed logs, roots, leaves and other forest detritus.
As oriented when discovered the specimen was partially covered with soil and detritus most likely deposited by running water. ( ie. heavy rainfall and surface water flowing downhill and detritus pooling.) Thereby being partially (covered or exposed, take your pick) , a large portion of the unique original bronze-brown oxidation of the buried section may have been protected from bleaching.
The initial colour of the end joint surfaces when the specimen when discovered, was pale white / to light greenish tinge. The end joints are in remarkable condition. The bone was damp at the time of discovery. The end joint surfaces in the photo following are extremely hard and resist any attempt to scratch the surface. We dared to speculate that the bone has been petrified by mineral solutions. After drying the joint surfaces retained a pale gray-duller greenish tinge.
*Note: The specimen was not cleaned. Bits of mosses and/or lichens are are still present around and on the joint surface.
The Opposite End, another joint
Note that both curved surfaces on this end of the radius (the heavy bone) are equal and measured, match the size and curvature of the retainer ‘hook’ of the narrower, bladed ulna.
Integrity: Mineralization?
The bone assembly ‘pings’ somewhat like porcelain’ when ‘tapped’ suggesting complete modification of the bone by petrification / mineralisation . Anthropologists should be delighted. DNA people not so much, if there’s no DNA remaining.
Physical Description & Size
The unidentified bone is approximately 39cm in overall length and weighed 0. 786kg at the time of writing. (Canada’s Metric eh? Even if the drywall square used in the photos for scale happens to be in Imperial inches.)
The structure consists of a heavy primary (radius) , and a lighter, curved secondary bone (ulna) which is fully fused to the larger primary.
The heavy primary bone ( radius )(from slick terminal surfaces, joint to joint, end to end) is approximately 28cm. in length.
The ends of the radius (primary bone) structure are approximately 9.5 cm in width and 5 cm in thickness. Preliminary curiosity promoted online searches. The specimen was assumed to be a fused radius and ulna, information gleaned from miscellaneous photos of various skeletal remains. (Later confirmed )
The Secondary Bone (Ulna)
The narrow, curved, (concave) and variably tapered (flattened to triangular cross-section) secondary ( assumed to be the ulna) is solidly, vertically and smoothly fused to the heavy primary radius .
One end of the (curved, bladed) ulna projects about 11 cm. (4-1/4″) beyond the concave end of the much heavy primary ulna, and functionally, forms the opposing side of socket(s) for a potentially ‘y’ shaped ended ( double-globed (?) bone.
The extended end beyond the socket structure of the ulna is approximately 3cm. x 6cm. The end as discovered was apparently broken off or shortened, possibly by scavenging (??) at some time in the distant past.
The ulna is solidly and perfectly fused without gaps as an integral, rigid and inseparable part of the overall structure.
The Ligament Channel
The ulna curves (concave) to a vertical depth of approximately 4cm along the narrow upper edge. The base of the ulna at the fusion with the radius is thicker and wider. The structure displays a prominent, concave, smooth (ligament(?) channel measuring approximately ~ 16 cm in length x ~1.0 cm wide located along the base of the fusion.
Two natural, elongated beveled holes on opposing ends of the ligament channel perforate the base of the fused area.
One end of the curved ulna appears to have functioned as a curved retainer for a common socket structure.
The centralized position and curvature of the socket on the ulna blade matches the diameter of two (concave) surfaces on the end of the radius, one socket dominant and the other narrower. The structure suggests any adjacent natural bone once attached would have have terminated in a ‘y’ configuration, possibly an unequal double- spherical end.
Natural Physical Surface Damage
The petrified specimen appears to display no blatant indication of natural scavenging. Gouging, grinding , tooth or chewing marks on the bone surface or damage typical of that inflicted upon bone by foraging wild animals were not readily identified. Careful inspection under magnification may reveal otherwise.
Human Interaction and Willful Surface Damage
Of special interest, however, are as many as five individual and separate blows evident on the radius bone surface caused by vigorous application of an unknown, sharp cutting edge.
That the chop marks cross the ligament channel is thought to be significant. Were these hack marks a succession of blows applied to disable and take this beast down?

Chop marks and bone chip removed by repeated blows with sharp blade. Note the alignment of the opposing marks Photo 2020© by r.a. kukkee
An initial, heavy blow from a competent cutting edge removed a large chip of oxidized bone. The resulting cavity displays a uniform colour and also displays a secondary hack mark in the cavity.
The second and subsequent pair of cut marks crosses the ligament channel at an angle.
The probability of one single secondary blow is suggested by the perfect alignment of two marks on opposite sides of the channel. One side clearly fell within the cavity of the absent chip left by the earlier, most vigorous blow.
Such a strike could have possibly severed or severely damaged the ligament in the channel and may have been a critical disabling blow.
Four — less-severe cuts are also present, two of which are aligned as another single blow. That pair again crosses the ligament channel at a similar angle, and suggest a blow delivered from the same source.
Degree of Petrification or Mineralisation
Mineralisation or petrification of the specimen appears to be significant if not total. The resulting surface is inert, free of odour and hardened. *As a point of interest, the official dog agreed.
( *For the record my resident pups, for decades, have found and retrieved miscellaneous bones of all types from our wild lands and fields repeatedly. The dogs completely ignored this specimen, finding nothing worth digging for, burying, carrying off, or chewing upon.
Resident dogs, over the of span of decades clearly did not recognize this specimen as a bone –-suggesting the artifact has undergone ancient and extensive alteration if not total alteration.
For the record, the assembly, when tapped, produces sounds more like those from porcelain.
So, What is it?
To be completely honest, other than being a fused radius & ulna, I have no idea. I can not boast a degree in anthropology. No bone forensics, or biology, either. Bone science and specimen identification is limited to information found on the web.
We need input, information, and identification from a dedicated , qualified anthropologist. Real bone people.
Where did it come from? From which species did it originate? How long ago? Who and what caused the unique, clearly targeted, specific chop marks and likely the demise and butchery of this animal?
*The bone structure clearly does take the form of a *fused radius & ulna. Perhaps an earlier equine (horse ), bovine (cattle type) ancient Bison, Elk, oxen, or a previously-unidentified heavy quadruped. (wow, a cool four-legged critter!)
*Note that the complete fusion of the two bones in our specimen is apparently a very unique and uncommon feature.
The size of the bone suggests a heavy animal by any standard. Our dear readers may observe photographs of “somewhat” similar, but not identical bone structures by Googling ‘anatomy of a horse ulna‘ or other species.
No definitive identification has been made or confirmed to date.
Preliminary contact with S. Hamilton, Anthropology Department of Lakehead University, Thunder Bay Ontario and submission of several photos has resulted in confirmation that a ‘fused radius + Ulna is very likely the correct description of the specimen. Imagine that. And for the record, now we know which is the ulna. Which is the radius.
Who knows what the true significance of this find will be? We’ll find out.
There might be hope for this old wannabe bone guy yet. Time will tell. When identification is complete, we will follow up and advise! If YOU know what it is, kindly comment below!
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Is that Incoming I hear?
Coronavirus Spores: An Alternative Theory
© Copyright 2020 by Raymond Alexander Kukkee
*What are ‘spores’? Do Coronavirus Spores Exist?
To discuss the potential existence of spores from Covid-19 as a reasonable alternative theory, we must first understand what a spore happens to be:
The Coronavirus Covid-19 Pandemic Spreads Endlessly
How? With all of the conflicting models and advisories from medical professionals. There are a lot of ideas out there. Data may or not be available and researchers are working on projects globally… but we must conclude that nobody knows all characteristics of Covid-19. Yet. Let that sink in.
That would be the true status quo of the ” new normal”. Covid-19, a flu-like, potentially-fatal virus reportedly originating in China. Or in a research laboratory. Or as a weapon of war. Supposedly.
Tens of millions of people have been infected globally, (19.4M to date, hundreds of thousands, far more than a half million have died (722,000) So far. No point in adding more gruesome research statistics, they grow and change daily.
The Coronavirus, So What? Just another Flu?
Is Covid-19 ‘just another flu’? Conspiracy advocates may think so. Or may suggest Covid-19 is a new way to control the world, limit overpopulation selectively. Win political games, upmanship, enforce dictatorships, spread ideology. Create trillions in profit from vaccines. Go figure. Nothing new there.
Bureaucrats panic, offer special, important announcements and revelations of uncoordinated official confusion. Shutdown of cities, businesses of all types, schools, public spaces, cancelled events. Sporting venues shut down, wild, empty, open air parks or not. Social distancing. Six feet, two meters apart, the official safe “distance”. “Or else”. Right.
‘Closed’ notices are posted on doors. Bad news. Hopefully all will reopen sooner or later. To date, it seems that if businesses open at all they are “allowed” to do so under approved, mandated control of head counts, lineups, social distancing, red arrows and circles on floors, face masks, one-way barriers, controlled paranoia.
Stay home and stay safe is the most commonly-recommended course of action.
Governments Respond with Panic and Arrogance.
Official panic recommends more panic. All schools were shut down early in the spring to remain closed until misinformed, terrorized school boards, and bureaucrats all “decide” to follow the “official recommendations of confused “health experts”
That is, until bureaucracy and “questionable governments” achieve their ‘plucked out of the air advice edicts, and tailor their “goals.” Masks. “Stay at home” ‘flatten the curve’, with job, the means to survive financially, physically and emotionally or not. Promoting fear. Fear of what, exactly? Fear of death, fear of the unknown?
Incompetent governments spend countries into hundreds of billions into debt, pretending to do something from stay-at-home, offices and do nothing policies. Money disappears. Nobody knows where, why, or how, but it’s for the common good, no oversight of anything is the new normal. We digress, don’t we? It’s all related –as the economy of the global community ‘disperses into the wind’. Go figure.
*This is an Alternative Theory which may or may not be possible but quite likely IS one of the ‘unknowns’.
Epidemiologists, highly-trained disease control specialists and researchers alike seem to agree that Covid-19 can be spread by contaminated “droplets. ” Droplets of moisture loaded with Coronavirus. Being spread like bacteria. Fine.
Out come the masks. Physical distancing. Six feet please. (Two metres for Metric virus types.) Lineups limited to 880 persons per mile. (Lineups limited to 500 persons per kilometre) Hand washing. Sanitizing everything.
Hospital shutdowns, no visitors. Abandoned senior care facilities. Seniors dying without care. Seniors dying without family members present, droplets present or not. Masked, gowned, gloved, sanitized health care workers on the line everywhere, endangering their lives to care for others. Everyday heroes, the new normal.
“ So….”droplets” did it all? How likely is that, given the current and trendy confusion of facts? Masks do not work. Yes they do. No, they do not. Not all the time. Not all masks are created equal. “Droplets are big and small, masks stop them all.” NOT.
Somehow we think that is not likely. “Droplets” of moisture eventually fall to earth via gravity like any apple from a tree, evaporate, or condense, grow larger. They may be washed out of the air in any rainstorm, blown away in a windstorm. They evaporate in hot air, can grow smaller, or left still, moist and warm, may land on surfaces, condense and become trapped on any surfaces cooler than the ambient air. Condensation of droplets complete with contamination, depends upon air movement, air pressure, ambient humidity and temperature. Read that —TWICE.
So The Unknown Persists. What, Where, When, Why, but Most Importantly, How?
Coronavirus is known to survive on surfaces. For how many minutes, hours or days, there are smatterings of opinion, but no one seems to know for certain. Or why. Limited knowledge of the character of the beast is the new normal. A virus is tiny, nano-particle small, unpredictable. What, exactly? A tiny life form. Dangerous.
Known cases and infections, patterns are erratic, unpredictable. Why?
We don’t know. But we can speculate. And reasonably so. A tinier life form called a spore.
Observing the Nature of SPORES
I stepped on and flattened a large, old, papery, dried-out puffball in a vacant field the other day. Out there where Mother Nature knows how to do stuff. Guess what? It was a lovely day. Wonderful. There was a very mild breeze. Perhaps a kilometer or two per hour. Weather was hot and very dry.
A cloud of brown blasted out from under my foot which may have been millions or even BILLIONS of puffball spores — the foggy brown-tinted slowly cloud raised and drifted slowly down wind with the breeze.
In common sense observation, would being six feet away (downwind of that brown cloud) be helpful? No. Not if you didn’t see it coming or took no evasive action. Or if it was already too diluted to recognize. Helpful?
Not… Except for the potentially lower concentrations of contaminated air one might inhale. That would depend upon the increased distance from the source of that specific cloud and dilution factors… Keep in mind that cloud was initially visible. ( “The easy solution to pollution is dilution” applied by fun-seeking environmental engineers comes to mind. I digress.) The potential spores from a tiny virus would be exponentially tinier —and completely invisible.
And That is Important because…?
That innocent interaction with a common ‘puffball’ and its spore distribution scored potential explanations for some of the erratic, confusing characteristics of Covid-19. Many important questions remain unanswered. Global communities of researchers are collectively trying to determine all facts and characteristics of Covid-19.
Why NOT also consider the possibility that the Coronavirus may additionally be spread by spores?
Anomalous Facts and Contradictory Observations….
The Model of Transmission by SPORES
A model of transmission by spores offers seemingly reasonable answers to many unanswered questions and may also answer for the erratic observations made to date during the pandemic.
Transmission of the Covid-19 by airborne spores is not only possible, it may even be quite likely. DNA can be spread by spores? Yes. With Covid-19 it has already been suggested that DNA can be spread by exosomes (nano-sized 30-150 nm particles contained in virtually every type of cell in the body ) Why could virus NOT replicate the same universal processes of natural spores for propagation, expulsion and invasion, even if much tinier than the 30nm exosomes shed by other cells?
Currently Known Methods of Transfer and Infection
First of all, YES, let us agree, transmission of the Covid-19 virus via large moist particles is known to be one factor. Fluid contaminated and spread erratically, distributed by propulsion of a sneeze, cough, phlegm, a breath or contaminated materials of some kind. Such as touch surfaces. Screens, doorknobs, push cart handles. Coronavirus may also be transmitted in tiny aerosolized moist particles—and in moving air, aerosolized or not.
Corona virus can exist and be transferred from any contaminated surfaces touched by, sneezed over, or coughed upon by any infected patient or by asymptomatic carriers, persons displaying absolutely no symptoms of the disease. Mature virus can be expelled by bodily fluids, touch, proximity to coughing, breathing, speaking, sneezing carriers, even those speaking ‘moistly’ as spoken by ‘always hiding at the cottage” Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
Other Significant Questions for Consideration:
The question must be asked, “ARE the Covid-19 virus which are known to exist in large particles, small particles, sneezes, etc. always mature, active and infectious at all stages? Can the viruses also be dead, dying, tired, weakened, spent viruses which have already fulfilled their life cycle, perhaps already having ejected trillions of ultra-tiny spores, bits of DNA onto and into the surrounding environment directly, whatever or wherever that may BE?
Puffball spores which can be seen en masse in a cloud when the puffball is mature and dries. Spores ejected by puffballs in dry conditions may be gigantic by comparison to others. Each individual puffball spore may be as tiny as 3.5 to 5.5 microns (0.00014 to 0.00019 inches) in diameter. Despite their diminutive size, numbers of spores in one ejection event may be in the millions or even billions.
Size Matters
Puffball spores can be seen in the air en masse when the puffball is disturbed.
Corona virus spores could conceivably be tiny on a scale a MILLIONTH, a BILLIONTH of that size or infinitely smaller–virtually undetectable —and immeasurable in number.
Let that sink in as you wear a perfectly good cloth mask that might keep out dust but has natural holes in the woven material which might be comparable to the size of a city block versus a spore, which on the same scale would be far smaller than a grain of sand or smaller.
Could spores from Covid-19 be SO tiny— on such an infinitesimally -small microscopic scale— they have not yet even been discovered? Could any ordinary known woven material or “mask” stop such tiny entities? No.
Get Serious! Think about the POSSIBILITY of SPORES.
*Floral-like structures and the ‘expulsion event of mature spores’ are common reproductive models in nature, shared by flowers, mold, fungi, and even with some forms of sea life.
*The “spike-like” “ Corona form” of the Covid-19 floret is unique and is involved in reproductive processes in nature in all instances.
Such means of distribution of DNA via a spike-like ejection event– can also theoretically be used to attach to, and explosively “inject” spores through the walls of organic matter and cells themselves, injecting life-altering DNA into ANY adjacent cell tissue regardless of organ type or location in the body. Imagine that. Mother Nature is very creative and will not be denied.
“Spores” ARE a massive, invasive method of reproduction by widely scattering bits of protected DNA. Spores are known to survive even the most hostile conditions for a very long time. That may be days, months, YEARS, perhaps for centuries or millennia .
Such entities can begin developing, growing, and maturing ONLY when they are allowed or gifted the necessary environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, moisture, acidity, oxygen content, ie. the correct atmosphere, within or with the presence of any potentially viable conditions. That would be on or within host entities. Read that again.
Current Testing for Covid-19
A very big deal–and confusion galore –has been made of *testing for Covid-19.
Yes, generally, testing of patients with potential Covid-19 symptoms is good policy, as is isolation of infected persons.
(*swabbing of throat/nasal tissue with sterile swabs)
* Most noteworthy, current testing of patients MAY or MAY NOT DETECT asymptomatic cases. Worth repeating twice, worth repeating endlessly, testing MAY NOT DETECT asymptomatic victims contaminated with Coronavirus SPORES which have not developed or those coated with a protective protein.
Testing (as it exists ) may only positively detect mature, healthy viruses. Would that be prior to shedding SPORES for replication? The question must be asked.
Will the same Covid-19 test detect “spent” viruses, weakened by completing their life purpose, perhaps already having ejected billions of spores into the surrounding host environment such as air, lungs, human tissue, bodily fluids, organic matter of any kind?
Does the same Covid-19 test detect spores at all? Undeveloped spores? Each spore is an individual entity capable of becoming a viable virus given the right conditions. Imagine THAT too.
So current Covid-19 testing may adequately detect healthy or mature, viruses, or perhaps even dead, defunct virus entities in blood, mucus, fecal matter. Viruses may be found upon any Covid-19 contaminated surface. Does the same test detect spores?
It may also be worthwhile exploring whether false positives and negatives may occur IF IMMATURE undeveloped spores happen to be present. Or are present in addition to mature Corona virus.
Is there any differentiation available?
—Are millions of inert, perfectly- protected spores laying about upon “sanitized surfaces” detectable? Can they be differentiated from mature virus?
—Will spores be removed by sanitation methods that remove mature viruses?
—When, exactly is spore development initiated?
—At what point of development DO spores become detectable?
—What is the incubation period? (The time from initial ejection to mature coronavirus )
—Which factors cause the spore to mature and develop another generation of spores?
The fact is, with spores— much remains unknown.
Spores of any variety take time to develop. Having been exposed to an adequate cloud of spores, patients who have been weakened are ideal victims of Corona virus. They will become seriously ill quickly as the immune system reacts to the sudden massive INFECTION of mature virus or spores developing to complete their sole purpose—to invade.
Strong, healthy persons exposed to the same dense cloud of spores may also eventually be overcome and ill. But initially, or perhaps even later in the interim, will they always test positive for Covid-19? It is not a stretch to suggest those individuals are, or may become classic asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19.
Is more than simple immunity involved with healthy individuals?
Crowded Facilities and Air Travel
Meantime, persons in crowded facilities, involved in air travel on crowded commercial flights, and those in other enclosed areas will be more likely to be infected by SPORES floating freely in the air where ventilation is simply primitive recirculation through inadequate filters.
Do HVAC air systems remain? Unvented, not refreshed with makeup air at all? Inadequately-filtered, often heated, moistened air would certainly not be free of ultra-miniscule spores— and the same contagion would be concentrated, freely offered to the same victims repeatedly, but with a potentially lower oxygen content, exacerbating the problem.
Bottom Line
Bottom line, are moisture droplets, even ‘aerosolized’ droplets and touching contaminated surfaces the the only way Covid-10 can be spread? Additionally, it must be considered that any air stream can carry inert SPORES for ANY distance imaginable. Spores on the wind. Is the unlimited spread of spores unstoppable?
The official community of “health experts” suggests everyone wear MASKS. Unfortunately, even the best MASKS may not be capable of removing the tiniest of tiny SPORES.
Mass Confusion
Is it any wonder mass confusion is being exploited both politically and medically, with arrogant politicians politicizing the disaster, bureaucrats seeking control? How about Covid scams such as false test kits? Heard of any self-important selected ‘publish or perish‘ self-approved medical experts contradicting themselves time after time?
The confused public is forced to “accept and believe” daily ‘edicts’, half-truths, rules, and the resulting organized panic and paranoia.
Additionall, now we may now also be required to face the possibility of Covid-19 spores which freely float through masks of all types.
Enjoy the lineups.
Here at Incomingbytes we believe the very real POTENTIAL EXISTENCE of Covid-19 SPORES must be INVESTIGATED. Get it yet?
Meanwhile, stay safe.
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Is that Incoming I hear?
tags: #Covid-19, #GlobalPandemic, #health issues, health, #Spores #CovidResearch #CovidAlternativeTheories